近十年鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发现象成因初析

近10 a来鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发，引起国内外媒体舆论的广泛关注。针对这一情况，运用流域降水、地表蒸散和出湖径流等数据，从流域水量收支平衡的角度，较为系统地分析了导致鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发的原因。结果表明，近10 a来鄱阳湖水文干旱起始日期提前，枯水期拉长。虽然干旱持续时间的长短呈现2~3 a的波动，但在总体上呈现逐渐加长的趋势。从流域水分收支的角度来看，近10 a来以水分亏缺为主，流域降水亏缺是基本的致旱因素，流域蒸散量增加则起到一定的增强作用，而出湖径流所起的作用比较复杂，在多数情况下其致旱的影响程度弱于流域降水作用。长江顶托作用强弱变化可以调节流域的水分收支平衡，强化或者减轻湖泊的干旱程度。2003、2004、2007、2008和2009年发生的极端干旱事件主要由流域水分收入项的大幅度减少所造成的，而长江水情变化在多数情况下加剧了流域水分收支的不平衡。这些研究结果明晰了鄱阳湖流域气象干旱与湖泊水文干旱之间的关系以及长江水情变化所扮演的重要角色，为应对未来的干旱变化和制定合理的抗旱防旱对策与措施提供了科学的依据     

江汉平原土地利用对钉螺分布的影响研究

分析了江汉平原2009年易于钉螺孳生的3种土地利用类型（滩地、河渠和水田）比例与钉螺密度的关系。首先，在ERDAS9.2和ENVI4.7软件中对江汉平原2009年的Landsat5TM遥感影像进行了预处理。在已有的多期土地利用数据的基础上，借助eCognition软件利用向量相似度指标来提取土地利用变化区域，结合目视解译经验并运用遥感指标通过建立规则集对变化区域进行分类，将变化区域的分类结果更新2000年数据，得到了该区域2009年的土地利用数据。接下来，整理了江汉平原2009年螺情资料并计算出村级钉螺平均密度，绘制了2009年钉螺分布图。将绘制的钉螺分布图与土地利用分类图叠置分析，并结合收集的螺情数据确定了钉螺易于孳生的3种土地利用类型，分别为滩地、河渠和水田。最后，将钉螺密度与这3种土地利用比例进行线性回归分析。研究结果表明，钉螺密度与这三种土地利用类型比例存在线性回归关系，模型精度为R2=0857。该结论对通过遥感影像来估算钉螺密度具有指导意义，另外也可以为湖北省提出合理用地和灭螺并重的土地利用模式提供一定的科学参考     

城镇化过程对鄱阳湖流域生态系统的影响

城镇化是社会经济发展和现代文明的重要标志，但带来了严重的资源危机和生态环境问题。以鄱阳湖独特的流域特征为研究对象，以城市人口数量表征城镇化的进程，分类解析1990~2011年江西省统计年鉴数据，通过讨论鄱阳湖土地资源结构变化、水资源变化特征、湿地生态系统、生物多样性等资源消耗程度，以及大气污染和水污染为代表的城镇主要污染问题，探讨快速城镇化下鄱阳湖生态环境对干扰的响应。结果表明：鄱阳湖流域各城市的城镇化进展及其机制不同，南昌、九江和上饶城市扩张迅速，而景德镇和赣州发展较平缓；城镇化导致水资源日益紧缺，各城市年总用水量2003年以后均呈增加趋势，其中农业用水量逐年增加，工业用水量各城市年变化存在差异；生物多样性特征受到严重威胁，湖泊水面及湿地面积的持续减少，生物环境的组成和结构发生改变；九江等城市工业废气排放量加大、南昌等城市工业废水排放高，造成湖区环境恶化。根据分析，建议鄱阳湖流域未来从规划土地利用类型、统一调配水资源、制定生物多样性保护对策、加强环境污染治理、强化环保宣传和规划与政策法律化等多方面采取措施。本文为鄱阳湖生态系统可持续发展和生态经济区的城镇化建设提供理论参考     

3种典型微生物农药对家蚕的毒性研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌、球孢白僵菌以及棉铃虫核型多角体病毒是细菌类、真菌类和病毒类微生物农药的典型代表。为了明确微生物农药对家蚕的毒性影响,选取以上3种典型微生物农药,分别探究其对家蚕的毒性。结果显示:苏云金杆菌原药对家蚕LC50值为1.33×105CFU·m L-1;球孢白僵菌原药对家蚕LC50值为1.14×106CFU·m L-1;棉铃虫核型多角体病毒母药对家蚕LC50值大于1.00×108PIB·m L-1。与此同时,通过进一步试验,明确了以上3种微生物农药对家蚕结茧率、死笼率、全茧量、茧层量等关键指标的影响。结果显示:除了棉铃虫核型多角体病毒母药,高浓度苏云金杆菌原药、球孢白僵菌原药对家蚕的结茧率和死笼率均具有显著影响;3种微生物农药对家蚕产茧能力指标全茧量、茧层量以及蛹重均无显著性影响。     

Application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in immobilization of Pb and Cd in soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the present study, heavy metal (HM)-tolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated and their performance during the remediation of Pb...     

Insights into the electron transfer mechanisms of permanganate activation by carbon nanotube membrane for enhanced micropollutants degradation

● A CNT filter enabled effective KMnO₄ activation via facilitated electron transfer. ● Ultra-fast degradation of micropollutants were achieved in KMnO₄/CNT system. ● CNT mediated electron transfer process from electron-rich molecules to KMnO₄. ● Electron transfer dominated organic degradation. Numerous reagents have been proposed as electron sacrificers to induce the decomposition of permanganate (KMnO₄) by producing highly reactive Mn species for micropollutants degradation. However, this strategy can lead to low KMnO₄ utilization efficiency due to limitations associated with poor mass transport and high energy consumption. In the present study, we rationally designed a catalytic carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane for KMnO₄ activation toward enhanced degradation of micropollutants. The proposed flow-through system outperformed conventional batch reactor owing to the improved mass transfer via convection. Under optimal conditionals, a > 70% removal (equivalent to an oxidation flux of 2.43 mmol/(h·m²)) of 80 μmol/L sulfamethoxazole (SMX) solution can be achieved at single-pass mode. The experimental analysis and DFT studies verified that CNT could mediate direct electron transfer from organic molecules to KMnO₄, resulting in a high utilization efficiency of KMnO₄. Furthermore, the KMnO₄/CNT system had outstanding reusability and CNT could maintain a long-lasting reactivity, which served as a green strategy for the remediation of micropollutants in a sustainable manner. This study provides new insights into the electron transfer mechanisms and unveils the advantages of effective KMnO₄ utilization in the KMnO₄/CNT system for environmental remediation.     

Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and number of outpatient Helicobacter pylori infection visits

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI) is an important risk factor of gastrointestinal diseases, but factors leading to it are still not fully...     

Influence of H2S and NH3 on biogas dry reforming using Ni catalyst: a study on single and synergetic effect

● NH₃ in biogas had a slight inhibitory effect on dry reforming. ● Coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ led to faster decline of biogas conversion. ● Regeneration was effective for catalysts deactivated under synergetic effect. Biogas is a renewable biomass energy source mainly composed of CH₄ and CO₂. Dry reforming is a promising technology for the high-value utilization of biogas. Some impurity gases in biogas can not be completely removed after pretreatment, which may affect the performance of dry reforming. In this study, the influence of typical impurities H₂S and NH₃ on dry reforming was studied using Ni/MgO catalyst. The results showed that low concentration of H₂S in biogas could cause serious deactivation of catalyst. Characterization results including EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirmed the adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface, which was the cause of catalyst poisoning. We used air calcination method to regenerate the sulfur-poisoned catalysts and found that the regeneration temperature higher than 500 °C could help catalyst recover the original activity. NH₃ in the concentration range of 50–10000 ppm showed a slight inhibitory effect on biogas dry reforming. The decline rate of biogas conversion efficiency increased with the increase of NH₃ concentration. This was related to the reduction of oxygen activity on catalyst surface caused by NH₃. The synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃ in biogas was investigated. The results showed that biogas conversion decreased faster under the coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ than under the effect of H₂S alone, so as the surface oxygen activity of catalyst. Air calcination regeneration could also recover the activity of the deactivated catalyst under the synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃.     

Analysis of urban carbon emission efficiency and influencing factors in the Yellow River Basin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Yellow River Basin is an energy-rich area. The low-carbon development of the Yellow River Basin is one of the ways to achieve ecological...     

絮团粘性分维数的概念及其分析模型

水处理中的絮团具有复杂的形态结构,分维数是描述这种结构的有力工具。通过分析固液体系的粘度与絮团分维数之间的关系,提出了絮团粘性分维数的新概念及粘性分维数测定的数学物理模型,并进行了实验验证。与常用的质量分维数、边界分维数、面积分维数、体积分维数、表面积分维数等相比,絮团的粘性分维数及其测定模型具有易于测量、可同时表征不同类型絮团、可定量分析絮凝产品组成等特点,从而为絮团形态结构的定性及定量研究开辟了新的途径。